Toby Dalton
Scott Snyder
Miles Pomper
April 22, 2015
Korean and US officials concluded negotiations today on a new nuclear cooperation agreement to replace the existing, outdated one from 1974. The new agreement is an important inflection point: it marks the transition from an imbalanced relationship built on the model of US as supplier to Korea to a new partnership based on reciprocity and mutual interest in safe and secure growth of nuclear power. The agreement treasures South Korea’s unique position as the world’s largest nuclear power producer that does not also possess nuclear weapons, while reaffirming the commitment of both countries to the principles of global nonproliferation.
While many in Seoul and Washington insist on seeing the agreement as a struggle by South Korea to win “rights” commensurate with its nuclear status, any interpretation that pits Washington and Seoul against each other fails to understand the fundamental spirit of cooperation that reaffirms and undergirds the US-ROK nuclear relationship. The new agreement reflects a modern nuclear partnership, one which not only allows the standard trade in nuclear technology and equipment between the two countries, but also facilitates a far broader range of cooperation on critical issues such as nuclear safety, science and research, reactor spent fuel management, and nuclear security.
Upgrading Cooperation
This spirit of cooperation is directly reflected in plans the two countries have made to implement the new agreement. The United States and South Korea have reportedly agreed to establish a high-level consultation process to oversee ongoing nuclear cooperation. The commission will be led by the Korean vice minister of foreign affairs and the US deputy secretary of energy. It will comprise four working groups, which will focus on achieving President Park’s three objectives for the nuclear agreement: assured supply of nuclear fuel; management of long-term challenge of spent nuclear reactor fuel; and cooperation to facilitate Korea’s competitiveness as a nuclear exporter. A fourth working group will focus on nuclear security. The commission will also include representatives of both countries’ nuclear regulatory authorities, who cooperate on nuclear safety.
This commission is a unique arrangement, a major upgrade of the existing channels of cooperation that will give the nuclear component of the US-ROK relationship the attention it deserves. Elevating discussion of nuclear issues to a high-level MOFA-DOE channel reflects the serious political commitment of both states to developing all of the elements of a broader nuclear partnership. The establishment of the commission provides ongoing oversight and flexibility to adapt to new circumstances as the relationship and levels of cooperation between the two countries evolves.
A New Role and New Needs for MOFA
The commission vests South Korea’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) with a considerable new responsibility to coordinate and oversee an expansive nuclear agenda in Korea, but the arrangement will only work if South Korea’s career diplomats on the commission are effectively empowered and educated to perform their duties. Effective management and oversight of such an interagency process requires considerable technical, policy, and legal expertise on complex nuclear issues, which MOFA does not now possess.
The establishment of the commission thus provides an opportunity for Korea to strengthen its technical expertise and to develop an interagency coordination process that spans nuclear research and development, nuclear power production, spent fuel, and nuclear waste management, and nuclear safety and security.
In the past, South Korea’s foreign ministry has always had to borrow experts from other parts of the bureaucracy to conduct technical negotiations on nuclear matters. But now the foreign ministry needs a specialized cadre of experts who are able to interact professionally with technical colleagues domestically and internationally. MOFA might look, for instance, to the model of the Bureau of Arms Control and International Security within the US Department of State, which is staffed primarily by civil servants who spend their careers developing expertise on nuclear policy issues. These experts should be housed in a new technical bureau at MOFA not subject to the regular foreign service rotation, with dedicated funding to recruit, train, and then retain highly-skilled professional staff.
To be fair, this problem is not unique to MOFA. Other Korean government agencies also suffer a lack of dedicated technical-policy or legal-policy expertise. Korea’s nascent nuclear regulator, the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, for instance, has a similar personnel rotation problem. Yet, effective nuclear regulation and the development of a strong nuclear safety culture require an accretion of experience and the building of trust between regulators, industry, utilities, and operators. In light of recent safety incidents spanning several industries, Korea is very focused on strengthening regulation and establishing a safety culture. Properly trained and highly skilled personnel, who gain experience in their jobs over many years, are a prerequisite.
If South Korea and the United States are to reap the full benefits of the new agreement and the high-level commission, both countries need to staff it with top experts committed to building a forward-looking nuclear partnership. For Korea in particular, if it is to take full advantage of the potential benefits on offer through a new nuclear cooperation agreement with the United States and thereby translate its global and domestic nuclear aspirations into practice, the government must bolster its cadre of technical-policy experts who can effectively serve Korea’s national interests.
Toby Dalton is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Scott Snyder is senior fellow for Korea Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Miles Pomper is senior research associate at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Together they are writing a report on the future of US-ROK nuclear energy cooperation. The opinions expressed are their own and do not represent positions of their respective institutions.
This article also was published in Korean in Dong-A Ilbo on April 22, 2015.
